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DMLT IIIrd Semester Syllabus

HSBTE DMLT Syllabus IIIrd Semester: Parasitology & Virology, Clinical Haematology-I, Applied Clinical Biochemistry, Histopathology, Transfusion Medicine.

Dr Pramila Singh

8/22/20246 min read

DMLT IIIrd Semester Syllabus

PARASITOLOGY AND VIROLOGY

UNIT I

  • 1.1 Introduction to Medical Parasitology

  • 1.2 General characteristics, morphology, classification of Protozoa and Helminth

UNIT II

  • 2.1 Laboratory Samples for detection of parasites

  • Collection, transportation, processing, and preservation of samples for routine investigations – Blood, Stool.

  • 2.2 Concentration techniques

  • Principle and application of concentration techniques of stool for demonstration of ova and cysts.

UNIT III

  • 3.1 Morphology, Life cycle, and Lab diagnosis of Giardia and Entamoeba histolytica

  • 3.2 Morphology, Life cycle, and Lab diagnosis of Ancylostoma and Ascaris lumbricoides

  • 3.3 Morphology, Life cycle, and Lab diagnosis of T .solium and T .saginata

UNIT IV

4.1 Morphology, Life cycle, and Lab diagnosis of Malaria Parasite (P. Vivax and P. Falciparum)

UNIT V

  • 5. 1 General Characteristics, Classification, and Structure of Viruses.

  • 5.2 Collection, Transportation, and Storage of Virological Samples.

  • 5.3 Medically important viruses: Pathogenicity, Lab diagnosis and prevention of Hepatitis A virus ii. HBV (Hepatitis B virus) iii. Hepatitis E virus iv. Hepatitis C virus v. HIV vi. Coronavirus.

PRACTICAL EXERCISES

  1. Collection and routine stool examination for detection of intestinal parasites using Saline preparation.

  2. Collection and routine stool examination for detection of intestinal parasites using Lugol's iodine preparation.

  3. Concentration methods of stool examination

a) Floatation method (saturated salt solution/zinc sulphate)

b) Sedimentation methods

  1. Identification of following adult w2orms/cyst from preserved specimen/ slides of Tapeworm.

  2. Identification of following adult w2orms/cyst from preserved specimen/ slides of Roundworm.

  3. Identification of following adult w2orms/cyst from preserved specimen/ slides of Hookworm

  4. Identification of following adult w2orms/cyst from preserved specimen/ slides of Giardia

  5. Identification of following adult w2orms/cyst from preserved specimen/ slides of Entamoeba histolytica, E. coli

  6. Preparation of smear and identification of blood parasites

  7. Preparation of Leishman stain

  8. Preparation of Giemsa stain

  9. Preparation of Field stain

  10. Preparation of thin and thick smears

  11. Staining of smears by Leishman, Giemsa, and Field stain.

  12. Examination of smears for malarial parasite (P. vivax and P. falciparum)

  13. Demonstration of various stages of malarial parasite from stained slides

  14. PCR Test

CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY –I

UNIT I

ESR and PCV Estimation

  • 1.1 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and packed cell volume (PCV)

  • Introduction

  • 1.2 Various methods of estimation of ESR and PCV.

  • 1.3 Merits and demerits during the estimation of ESR and PCV.

  • 1.4 Factors involved in ESR estimation.

  • 1.5 Interpretation of results.

UNIT II

Red Cell Indices

  • 2.1 Red Cell Indices – Expand MCV, MCH, MCHC.

  • 2.2 Definition, reference range, calculation, and interpretation.

UNIT III

Reticulocyte Count

  • 3.1 Supravital stain and reticulocyte counting-Introduction.

  • 3.2 Principle and procedure of staining and calculation

  • Reference values and interpretation.

  • 3.3 Variation in Physiological Values such as Hb, PCV, T.L.C. and Platelet count.

  • UNIT IV

Anemias

  • Phenomenon of LE cell, its differentiation from tart cell.

  • 4.1 Definition and classification

  • 4.2 Laboratory diagnosis of:

  • (a) Iron deficiency anemia

  • (b) Megaloblastic anemia

  • (c) Haemolytic anemias including sickle cell anemia thalassemia

  • (d) Aplastic anemia

UNIT V

Red Cell Fragility

Define red cell fragility test.

5.2 Describe the principle, procedure, and clinical significance of the red cell fragility test.

PRACTICAL EXERCISES

  • 1. ESR estimations by Westergren method in a blood sample.

  • 2. ESR estimations by Wintrobe method in a blood sample.

  • 3. Determination of PCV in blood by Macrohematocrit Method.

  • 4. Determination of PCV in blood by Microhematocrit Method.

  • 5. Calculate Red Cell Indices – MCV, MCH, MCHC.

  • 6. Counting of Reticulocytes in a blood sample.

  • 7. To perform a Sickling test on blood.

  • 8. Estimation of fetal hemoglobin by alkali denaturation test.

  • 9. Estimation of plasma hemoglobin.

  • 10. Estimation of G6PD by Methylene Blue Reduction Test).

  • 11. To perform a red cell fragility test on blood.

APPLIED CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

UNIT I

Serum Bilirubin

  • 1.1 Formation and excretion of bilirubin

  • 1.2 Conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

  • 1.3 Principle and procedures of serum bilirubin estimation (Direct & Indirect)

  • 1.4 Clinical significance of serum bilirubin estimation

UNIT II

SGOT and SGPT

  • 2.1 Principle and procedure of estimation of SGOT

  • 2.2 Principle and procedure of estimation of SGPT

  • Clinical significance of SGOT/SGPT estimation

UNIT III

Serum Amylase, ALP, and ACP

  • 3.1 Principle and procedure of estimation of serum amylase

  • 3.2 Clinical significance of serum amylase estimation

  • 3.3 Principle and procedure of estimation of ALP

  • 3.4 Principle and procedure of estimation of ACP

  • 3.5 Clinical significance of ALP/ACP estimation

UNIT IV

Serum Calcium and Potassium

  • 4.1 Principle and procedure of estimation of serum calcium

  • 4.2 Principle and procedure of estimation of serum potassium

  • 4.3 Clinical significance of calcium/potassium estimation

UNIT V

Lipid Profile

  • 5.1 Formation of cholesterol

  • 5.2 High-density and low density cholesterol

  • 5.3 Principles and procedures of estimation of HDL/LDL

  • 5.4 Principle and procedure of estimation of triglycerides

  • 5.5 Clinical significance of HDL/LDL/triglycerides estimation

  • 5.6 Importance of various ratios of HDL, LDL, and VLDL

PRACTICAL EXERCISES

  • 1. Serum total bilirubin estimation

  • 2. Serum bilirubin estimation (Direct)

  • 3. SGOT estimation

  • 4. SGPT estimation

  • 5. Serum amylase estimation

  • 6. Serum ALP estimation

  • 7. Serum ACP estimation

  • 8. Serum calcium estimation

  • 9. Serum potassium estimation

  • 10. Serum total cholesterol estimation

  • 11. Serum triglyceride estimation

  • 11. Estimation of HDL

  • 12. Estimation of LDL and VLDL

HISTOPATHOLOGY

UNIT I

Introduction and Definition of Histopathology

  • 1.1 Histology, Histopathology, Biopsy, Autopsy, Autolysis, Putrefaction

  • 1.2 Reception, recording, labeling, and preservation of histological specimen

  • 1.3 Various Terms associated with staining: Solvents, Mordants, Metachromasia, Accelerators, Progressive and regressive staining

  • 1.4 Theory of staining (Routine), Use of controls in staining and their significance

  • 1.5 Principle, mechanism, and various steps of routine stain (Haematoxylin and Eosin): Deparaffinization, Hydration, Nuclear Staining, Differentiation, Blueing, Counterstaining, Dehydration, Clearing and Mounting, Results

  • 1.6 Automation: Use of automatic stainer and coverslipper

UNIT II

Preparation of Tissue (Different Methods of Preparation of Tissue)

  • 2.1 Unfixed Tissue preparations

  • 2.1.1 Imprint methods – Impression Smears of frozen section

  • 2.1.2 Teased preparation

  • 2.1.3 Squashed preparation

  • 2.1.4 Frozen section

  • 2.2 Fixed Tissue preparations ( introduction only)

  • 2.2.1 Paraffin embedding

  • 2.2.2 Celloidin embedding

  • 2.2.3 Gelatin embedding

UNIT III

Fixation (Histological Specimens and Cytological Specimens)

  • 3.1 Fixatives

  • 3.1.1 Classification of fixatives

  • 3.1.2 Composition of various fixatives

  • 3.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

  • 3.2 Processing of Tissue (by Paraffin Technique)

  • 3.2.1 Dehydration

  • 3.2.2 Clearing/Dealcoholization

  • 3.2.3 Infiltration and impregnation

  • 3.2.4 Paraffin embedding

  • 3.2.5 Mountants

  • 3.2.6 Various types of mounting media (aqueous, resinous), Advantages and Disadvantages

UNIT IV

Microtomy

  • 4.1 Microtome

  • 4.1.1 Types

  • 4.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages

  • 4.1.3 Working principle, care, and maintenance

  • 4.1.4 Histokinete (automatic tissue processor) - its types, working, care, and maintenance

  • 4.2 Microtome Knives

  • 4.2.1 Various types of knives

  • 4.2.2 Sharpening of knives

UNIT V

Exfoliative Cytology

  • 5.1 Introduction

  • 5.2 Preparation of vaginal & cervical smears

  • 5.3 Collection and Processing of specimen for cytology: Urine, Sputum, CSF (cerebrospinal Spinal Fluid), and Other fluids

  • 5.4 Role of cytotechnician in cytology

  • 5.5 Cytological Staining Its Principle, Technique, and Interpretation of Results in Papanicalaou staining (PAP) and May Grunwald & Giemsa staining (MGG)

PRACTICAL EXERCISES

  • 1. Reception of specimen, labeling, and preserving the specimen

  • 2. Preparation of various smears by unfixed methods i.e.

  • - Imprint smears

  • - Teased smears

  • - Squashed smears

  • 3. Preparation of different fixatives with special emphasis on the preparation of formaline-based fixatives

  • 4. Preparation of paraffin blocks from various tissue pieces and labeling with emphasis on orientation

  • 5. Handling of microtome

  • 6. Sharpening of microtome knives

  • Preparation of blocks for fine-cutting

  • - Rough cutting

  • - Trimming

  • 8. Practice of fine section cutting

  • 9. Performing H&E staining on sections and mounting of tissue sections

  • 10. Demonstration of the cell using buccal smear/urine sample

  • 11. Processing of urine samples for malignant cells

  • 12. Processing of sputum sample for malignant cytology

  • 13. To perform PAP stain on a given smear

  • 14. To perform MGG stain on given smear

  • 15. To perform H&E on a given smear

TRANSFUSION MEDICINE

UNIT I

Historical introduction to Transfusion medicine (blood banking)

Definition of antigen and antibody

Classification of antigens and antibodies.

UNIT II

ABO Blood Group System

Antigens and antibodies involved

Principle and procedure of ABO blood grouping

The Rh Blood Group System, Antigen, and antibodies involved

Principle and procedure of Rh grouping

UNIT III

Anticoagulants used in blood bank, Types and composition of various anticoagulants

Advantages and disadvantages of various anticoagulants

UNIT IV

Criteria and characteristics of ideal blood donor, Blood Collection and storage.

Preparation, Preservation, Uses of Various blood components (Packed cells, Fresh Frozen plasma, Cryoprecipitate, PRP (Platelet rich plasma).

UNIT V

  • Test for blood transfusion

  • (a) Cross Matching

  • (b) Coombs Test

  • (c) Blood Transfusion reactions

PRACTICAL EXERCISES

  • 1. Performing ABO blood grouping by the following method:

  •  Direct

  •  Tube test

  •  Indirect (reverse)

  •  Subgroup

  • 2. Performing –Rh grouping by following techniques:

  •  Slide

  •  Tube technique

  • 3. Performance of Coombs Test

  •  Direct

  •  Indirect

  • 4. Cross Matching (compatibility testing)

  •  Major

  •  Minor

  • Preparation of anticoagulants

  •  ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)

  •  CPD (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose)

  •  CPDA (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine)

  • 6. Malarial Parasite test by Thick and Thin smear preparation

  • 7. VDRL Test

  • 8. HIV Test

  • 9. Hbs Ag Test 10 HVC Test

  • 10. Preparation of platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma

Dr Pramila Singh